Family and Abbey Essay

Blonde hair, blue eyes and a sad look. This was the face of an innocent little girl named Abbey. Abbey was only 10 years old and she lived at home with her mother and father. She had no one to play with and her only friend was a little toy bear, it was old and falling apart and it had patches of hair. Abbey was an only child and was just about to start year 5 at Howard Pubic School. The poor little girl wasn’t so much bullied at school, but she was always left out. She was too young to understand why it was happening to her and why the children were always being mean to her. I guess you could say, most 10 year olds love going home at the end of the day to see their family but not Abbey. Abbey’s father had a beer in his hand as per usual and her mum had bloodshot eyes as always. The only time she was allowed out of her room was to go to school, other than that her parents always kept her locked in an attic because they had no time for the poor little girl and they never cared about her. Every afternoon she would come home from school and sit in her room talking to her toy bear when no one was around. She used to lie on the floor and not make a sound. She hides in a corner while she hears her parents come up and unlock the door. Some more and more pain Abbey has to go through for no reason at all. There are scars on her face and bruises on her legs. Out of everyone, why is she is such a horrible place? The poor little girl cries herself to sleep every night because all she wants to do is to fit in with everyone and have a family that loves her dearly but she thinks to herself why she is not belonging. She holds her toy bear close and sobs. Meanwhile in her room, she sits in the corner quiet but yet thinking â€Å"God why? Why did my life turn out like this?† Everyday is a struggle for the little five year old and she prays before she goes to bed â€Å"Dear Jesus, I know that my mummy or daddy do not care about me but please promise me you’ll take good care of them. I also pray that tomorrow I will make friends because it is hard for me to go to school and not play with anyone. No one wants to be friends with me and I don’t know why. Thank you and I love you†. One night before school, her mum came home high. The mother and father were having an argument and the police were called. The poor little girl was slapped, beaten and hit as hours went by. When the police showed up, they took Abbey to a foster home to be looked after. When she leaves, Abbey suddenly runs back inside and grabs her teddy, as that is the only thing she took with her. The mother and father said goodbye to the little girl as the police took her away. Abbey is now in a safer environment with carers that she loves. She has put everything past her and started a new life. She will always remember what happened when she was young but now all she can think of is how happy she is.

Effective Reading Strategy for Efl Students in No.9 Middle School

Effective  reading  strategy  for  EFL  students in  NO. 9  middle  school  in  Beijing CHAPTER ? INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of study In China, English is a compulsory course, so in Chinese education system has an examination at the final end of each term in Junior or Senior high school. In the examination, it is mostly used as a way to test students’ English level, so English becomes an important course in school education. The exam will test students’ listening, reading and writing ability. Therefore teachers are paying more attention on students’ ability on reading, listening and writing.Based on researcher understanding about teaching reading, researcher wants to do some research about investigating what types of cognitive reading strategies are used in middle school in Beijing. Aim at cognitive reading strategy researcher wants to the researching about it. And which one is the most commonly used during the reading class. Through the res earcher tries to find some problems to teaching at the same time, it also referred in the research. Research paper is more focused on students learning strategy and teachers training process.For experienced teachers, who are good at summing up experience through their teaching then using in the teaching process. Through this study researcher gets more information about how to teaching reading and reading strategies. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem Researcher finds some problem when doing the research. In the real classroom, teachers have no enough time to give exercises for different level of students when they did reading class. In Chinese secondary school, English teacher should attention on arrange time effectively. Give enough time on eaching four basic skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing and doing exercises at the same time. Sometimes students can’t concentrate on these four skills, how to improve their ability in those four skills in the same time is the prob lem. As a researcher need research some teachers and related their teaching experiences they told some skills that teacher should change some basic teaching methods in their classroom . Teacher are not limited on traditional English teaching, but also created some new methods to adapt on different level of students in the classroom teaching. Effectively and improve their ability is important.Teachers are not only teaching knowledge but also pay attention on students’ attitude and taken in strategies in the classroom. The research is search about teaching reading strategy in Chinese middle school. Researcher chooses a famous middle school to finish the questionnaires. However the defect is all of participates are coming from same school. It can not full access to information and data. It is a problem for the research. To achieve the goals researcher should considers how to choose different level students to finish the questions and consider the teacher’s experiences to complete all questions.It is a challenge for researcher. 1. 3 Aims of the study This research is aimed to find out one useful cognitive reading strategy among the students used when they doing reading. It can enhance students reading ability when they doing exercises or in the examination. It also becomes a useful strategy when students do reading comprehension in the examination. Although there are many types of cognitive reading strategy in reading comprehension, how to choose one strategy when students doing reading is become a problem and it also can help students save time during their English examination. . 4 Research objectives At the end of the research, researcher will list of some reading strategies when teacher teaching reading in the class. After analyze the data, choose one strategy is used among students used. The research objectives are: 1 To investigate the cognitive reading strategies in a middle school students in Beijing 2. To investigate which type of cognitive r eading strategy is most commonly used among the students. 1. 5 Research questions The research will seek answers to the following questions: What are the cognitive reading strategies of middle school students in Beijing? 2 Which type is the most common used by the students? 1. 6 Rationale of the study Because the research is survey about reading strategies, so in the beginning of the research, researcher will list down what are the types of reading strategies of middle school students in the school teaching. â€Å"There are plenty of strategies for the beginner reader and many can be adapted to fit the needs of more advanced readers as well. † (Dorit Sasson, 2007).Then researcher chooses 45 students (15 students are attended in the pilot study) based on their different grades and gender to answer the question. Finally through analyze the data researcher chooses one common cognitive reading strategy is used in middle school students in Beijing. 7. Limitations of the study Rese arch questionnaires are based on the No. 9 middle school students. Limited is both of the students and teachers are in the same school and numbers is the problem. Although their students’ levels are different but the whole English levels are not too low.And choose the students’ number is less than get enough data. Both the quantity and quality are not exactly. So these are the limitation about the research. CHAPTER ? LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Introduction The first part of this section deals with the definitions of reading. Secondly it will discuss about Issues relating to English in the secondary curriculum in China. Thirdly is reading strategies. The last part will focus on the types reading strategies. Both of the contents are mainly concerned in the real classroom in Beijing. 2. 2 Definitions of ReadingReading is a huge topic, potentially beset with myriad difficulties not easily addressed in a book of this length. Brindley (1994) in her introduction to the ‘Rea ding’ section of Teaching English offers a helpful starting process: Reading is a complex area. We can use the term to mean the process itself, or a response to literary text. It is means reading is combine with other knowledge that used in the teaching English. Use the technical term to explain what is meaning and give the answers. Andersen et al. (1985) has shown that ‘Reading is the process of construction meaning from written texts.It is a complex skill requiring the coordination of a number of interrelated sources of information. ’ His opinions is talking about reading is a process which connected the writer’s writing skills and writing content. It needs reader has own reading skills or strategies to understand the meaning of reading materials. What the content is and writer wanted conveyed the information to reader. It is a difficult thing between the writer and reader. There is a book By Joan Brooks McLane, Gillian Dowley McNamee, in one chapter is described that â€Å"Reading can be compared to the performance of a symphony orchestra.This analogy illustrates three points. First, like the performance of a symphony, reading is a holistic act. † It stands for when reader reading an article, they must focus on all contents and used different reading strategies, mobilize all positive factors that you have when they reading. â€Å"Second, success in reading comes from practice over long periods of time, like skill in playing musical instrument. † Everyone known that want to be successful man, they must persist in one thing that they choose.Like a player play the wonderful music, they used lots of playing skills and they need long time to practice well. Reading is the same thing like player. If they want to master the reading strategies, they should study how to read and need lots of time to practice and improve their reading comprehension. â€Å"Third, as with a musical score, there may be more than one interpretatio n of a text. The interpretation depends on the background of the reader, the purpose for reading, and the context in which the reading occurs. † It needs reader give their opinions after they reading the text.Because of there are many different between everyone, so after they read the text their understanding is also different. 2. 3 Issues relating to English in the secondary curriculum in China Course Description â€Å"In describing the role of a foreign language, the 1993 syllabus emphasized its instrumental value for ‘acquiring cultural and scientific knowledge, gathering information, and conducting communication with the world’ (Ministry of Education 1993: 1). † In the Chinese principle of curriculum, English as an important role in the secondary school teaching.The purpose is â€Å"foreign language teaching in China was ‘to meet the needs of the Open Door Policy and to speed up the socialist modernizations’ (Ministry of Education 1993: 1) . † It stands for China should study how to become a modern country among all over the world. And welcome foreigners come China to do the business or study. The new curriculum is changed. â€Å"Using English for the acquisition of knowledge and recognizes the humanistic value of a language in the transformation of the learners’ cognitive and personal development beyond its instrumental value in knowledge acquisition. English is becoming a popular course in the new principle of curriculum. Students should learn more knowledge not limited in the grammar or the acquisition, but also for the human value’s benefit and personal development. â€Å"English language learning, as described in the 2003 curriculum guidelines, can help students develop ‘intelligence, affect, attitudes, values, and character’ (Ministry of Education 2003: 1). † The Ministry of Education is more attention on students’ to built good educate environment and provide full y development space for students.Course Objectives â€Å"The 1993 syllabus stressed two basics: basic linguistic knowledge and basic language skills. † It is traditional and easy syllabus for students to do before 2003. However in 2003, The Ministry of Education published new syllabus objectives is ‘to help students further clarify the purpose of learning English and develop autonomous learning and cooperative learning abilities; to help students develop effective English learning strategies’ (Ministry of Education 2003: 2).Students’ language use ability is based on ‘a mastery of knowledge, skills, affect, learning strategies, and cultural awareness’ (Ministry of Education 2003:2). Students should master one language when they learning in the classroom. According to the new curriculum, â€Å"An English course should help develop students’ ‘critical thinking ability, information gathering and analysis ability, problem solving abil ity, and a world vision’ (Ministry of Education 2003: 2), which are essential for a citizen in the twenty-first century (Pasch and Norsworthy 2002). English is become a course in the classroom teaching and popular in China. It develops students’ ability in all aspects. All these reflect a humanistic approach, which, according to Johnson and Johnson (1998: 158), â€Å"respects the integrity of learners, allowing for personal growth and responsibility, taking psychological and affective factors into account and representing whole-person learning, going significantly beyond the use of English as a conduit of knowledge acquisition. † It needs learners has own opinion’s and some factors will change based on their experiences and reality.Course Design The 1993 syllabus required only one compulsory module. There were no specifications for the teaching aims and demands for Grade 1. Grade 2 and Grade 3 shared one set of aims and demands in general and distinctions were made only in some aspects of listening, speaking, reading and writing for the two grades. It means there is no specific teaching aim between three grades. And how to distinguish by some aspects on four teaching skills, there are listening, speaking, reading and writing.The new curriculum offers two modules (one compulsory and one elective) and grades the aims and demands with a four-band system according to learners’ language use ability, and describes each component at different bands in detail. From the new curriculum syllabus, it has targeted for each grades of students and the aims of teaching aid. The ability-banded framework can help solve such problems as the unbalanced development of the curriculum in different regions, the learning gaps between different stages (primary, junior secondary and senior secondary), and the waste of resources as a result of repetition in the curricula.Based on different backgrounds and others, teacher used different methods. The abil ity-banded design also provides more flexibility and openness in the curriculum, making it more possible to teach students with diverse competences. Students can learn special technical skills provide the needs of social. Teaching Aims and Demands For teaching aims and demands, the 1993 syllabus emphasized the development of two basics: basic linguistic knowledge and basic language skills. It isolated linguistic knowledge into discrete items, for example, word class, sentence structures.And confined linguistic skills to classroom application, for example, ‘students can understand classroom English and the explanation of new language points with language learned, do question and answer on the text, and retell the story orally or in writing’ (Ministry of Education 1993: 2-3). The new 2003 curriculum gives meaning to both knowledge and skills and integrates the two by engaging students in active use of the language with what they have learned as knowledge and developed as skills and by describing the language ability as what they can do with the English language.For example, students know language forms and their functions in real communication, under- stand and master the ways to describe people and objects, to describe the development of events. For students’ all round development, the new curriculum stresses the development of their affect, learning strategy and cultural awareness along with their linguistic knowledge and linguistic skills, and defines specific teaching aims and demands for these components at different bands. Implementation Guidelines The implementation guidelines help to reach the goals set for a curriculum.The guidelines in the new curriculum, as compared with those in the 1993 syllabus, are more concrete, hence playing a stronger guiding role. Ministry of Education (2003: 23-25): The guidelines for teaching include â€Å"focusing on all learners and helping them lay a solid foundation for lifelong development; attendin g students’ affect and creating a pleasant, democratic and harmonious learning atmosphere; reinforcing the guidance for students’ learning strategies and helping them develop autonomous learning ability†.These guidelines represent the learner–centeredness philosophy in curriculum development (Nunan 1988: 2003). For teachers’ better understanding of the teaching methods, model teaching plans are provided. Ministry of Education (2003: 40- 42) â€Å"For assessment, the stress is put on the explanation of the underlying rationale. It emphasizes that ‘both formative assessment and summative assessment be used and attention be paid to the motivating and facilitating roles of assessment in students’ learning’†. 2. 4 Reading StrategiesThe best definition of a reading strategy is the tactics or actions teachers implement in order to approach and make sense of a reading text. Reading is important and necessary for human especially a t the present day which technology is growing rapidly. D. C Mitchell (1982:1) wrote that â€Å"reading is the way to express meaning from writer to reader. It is the way to exchange ideas of writer according to his/her styles. The ability to grasp these ideas is depending on reader’s experience, language knowledge and attitude as a fundamental basis. Reading is a Rebecca L. Oxford (1991:1-163) classified reading strategies into four categories: 1. Memory Strategies 2. Cognitive Strategies 3. Compensation Strategies 4. Social Strategies 1. Memory Strategies are personal strategies that depend on skills and ability of each person by using something close-by as a tool for understanding, learning and memorizing that passage. This is the definition of memory strategies. It means users use memory to remember the reading contents. 2. Cognitive Strategies are essential in learning a new language.Cognitive strategies are typically found to be the most popular strategies with language learners. Based on the reader’s comprehension, they use their cognitive to understanding the reading materials. 3. Compensation Strategies enable learners to use the new language for either comprehension or production despite limitations in knowledge. Compensation strategies are intended to make up for an inadequate repertoire of grammar and, especially, of vocabulary. 4. Social Strategies is a term of social behavior; it is communication, and communication occurs between and among people.Learning a language thus involves other people, and appropriate social strategies are very important in this process. 2. 5 Teaching Reading Strategies Teaching reading strategies will increase students on reading skills in the core subject areas; this will also improve the student’s level of achievement. When Student's are lack of knowledge will affect their ability to learn, read or write in all subject areas. Furthermore, helping students learned to read and write in the core subje cts-areas will increase a student's ability to read in all core subjects.A student's reading comprehension skills will improve at the same time. That’s why teaching reading strategies is important in the classroom teaching. The teacher can use reading strategies that connect the students' interest in core subject areas, this can help a student maintain their focus, improve their ability to understand and then apply what they read to the real world. . Reading is a blend of word recognition and comprehension. This involves the response of printed motivation but the growth of sense or knowledge, is the real meaning of reading.The reading process is a mix of finding words and comprehension that involves recognition of printed incentive however, the development of meaning or understanding is the core of reading about meaning. The reader should think and talk about what they are reading and the meaning of the passages, and connect them to what makes sense. Teachers and parents shou ld assist the student by having them begin underlining the most important words in the reading material. The process of pre-reading teaching strategies will help improve reading comprehension.Effective language instructors show students how they can adjust their reading behavior to deal with a variety of situations, types of input, and reading purposes. They help students develop a set of reading strategies and match appropriate strategies to each reading situation. Strategies that can help students read more quickly and effectively include five different types. There are Previewing, Predicting, Skimming and Scanning, Guessing from context and Paraphrasing. Next researcher will list down some characteristics about each reading strategies.First type is previewing: reviewing titles, section headings, and photo captions to get a sense of the structure and content of a reading selection. Second type is predicting: using knowledge of the subject matter to make predictions about content a nd vocabulary and check comprehension; using knowledge of the text type and purpose to make predictions about discourse structure; using knowledge about the author to make predictions about writing style, vocabulary, and content. Third type is skimming and scanning: using a quick survey of the text to get the main idea, identify text structure, confirm or question predictions.Fourth type is guessing from context: using prior knowledge of the subject and the ideas in the text as clues to the meanings of unknown words, instead of stopping to look them up. The last type is phrasing: stopping at the end of a section to check comprehension by restating the information and ideas in the text. 2. 6 Conclusion This chapter is related some review about the definition in reading, compare between old syllabus and new syllabus in China Education system, reading strategies and how to teach reading strategies in the classroom.These four parts provide more information about reading comprehension an d it is very useful for teachers training. CHAPTER ? METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Introduction This chapter provides detailed information regarding the process of collecting the data for this research. The aspects of the research method that are being focused are the subjects, instruments, questionnaires, method of data analysis and also research procedures. 3. 2 Research Design This research is a procedure for collecting and analyzing quantitative data access the research problem.The questionnaire is for Chinese students. It is a survey in No. 9 middle school in Beijing. This design has chosen because it really suits with how the study is carried out. 3. 3 Research Population For the pilot study and the questionnaire part, the population is all Chinese students and teachers are come from No. 9 middle school. The pilot study researcher chooses 15 students because there are totally three grades and each grade has three students to answer the pilot study. All together the questionnaires give the 30 students to answer it.Another part is the teachers’ part, there are three teachers attended in the pilot study and another six teachers are answering the teacher’s questionnaire. 3. 4 Research Sample The samples that had been taken into consideration consist of 30 different grades students of No. 9 middle school in Beijing. The samples are from same school and the school is well-known in Beijing. The samples are also from different level, their learning background also different. In the samples, it also included 6 teachers are teaching three grades of No. 9 middle school in Beijing.Their teaching experiences are different, because two of them are new teachers. Their teaching experiences are not enough. It can contrasts in different teachers and get the different data during the research. 3. 5 Research Instrument To meet the purpose of this study, the researcher looks at the types of reading strategies and which type is more common among students used and teacher tea ching in the classroom. To conduct the process of this study the researcher uses questionnaires for the students and teachers. This questionnaire forms are distributed to the students.This is to gather information of the student’s background and their learning and the teachers’ teaching experiences and methods about reading strategies. The students are given answers and elicit responses regarding the research question. Teachers answer the research question based on their teaching experiences. 3. 6 Pilot Study It is to check the reliability and validity of results. In the research paper, in order to make sure the questions and data are stable and consistent in the questionnaires. The researcher distributed the questionnaire form to 15 other Chinese students from No. middle school in order to get feedback about the questions, and then revise the survey 16 based on the written comments. The researchers will analyze their answer and data which is focused on the types of re ading strategies. After they answer the questions, the researchers will discuss with the sample and analyze the questions. Will make sure each item is clear. The questions are aligned to the researcher to get the research purpose. As a result of the analysis, there are 15 items which are of the questionnaire. From my statistics the =0. 79 3. 7 Data Collection Procedure About the questionnaire, researcher followed the procedure of searching information, constructing the questionnaire, inviting the participants, E-mailing the questionnaire, waiting for response, asking back the completed questionnaire. 3. 8 Data Analysis Procedure The researcher analyzed questionnaire data by using descriptive statistics. The procedure includes input data, summed score method to analyze data, report by using tables and summary of the major results. CHAPTER ? FINDINGS 4. 1 IntroductionThe main aim of this chapter is to investigate the types of cognitive reading strategies and cognitive reading strategi es in the classroom among the middle school students in Beijing. In order to achieve these, data are obtained from a questionnaire that provides answers for the following research question: 1. What are the cognitive reading strategies of middle school students in Beijing? 2 Which type is more common among the students used in the classroom? 4. 2 Questionnaires Two set of questionnaires are distributed to two different groups of subject: the students and the teachers.The first set of questionnaire is distributed to the three grades students who are in No. 9 middle school. The questionnaire is distributed to gather information about student’s reading strategies and through their reading process, which type is used more widely among students in the classroom. The second set of questionnaire is distributed to six English teachers from the same school to find out about teachers teaching reading strategies in the classroom. The information and data gather from the questionnaires ar e calculated using the ‘percentage’ method. . Set 1: Student’ s questionnaire There are three sections in the student’s questionnaire. First section is background information. Table 4. 1 shows the students background information. TABLE 4. 1 Student’s background information 1. Gender |Gender |Male |Female |Percentage | |Students |15 |15 |50% | 2. Grade Grade |1 |2 |3 |Percentage | |Students |10 |10 |10 |33. 3% | The data collected shows the total students are 30. Male and Female percentage are equal in the table. And there are three grades in the No. 9 middle school, the percentage of each grade also the same reached at 33. 3%. The data is suitable to analysis. TABLE 4. 2 Types of Reading Strategies TABLE 4. . 1Skimming and Scanning Item NT UNT ST UT AT (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) B1: I briefly skim the 1 5 5 7 12 text before reading (3. 3%) (16. 7%) (16. 7%) (23. 3%) (40%) B2: I skim/ scan to get 3 2 6 10 9 the main idea (10%) (6. 7%) (20%) (33. 3%) (30%) F rom the table, 60% students like skimming reading strategies before reading the text. Only 4 students or 13. % never use this strategies when they reading the text. Therefore they like skimming reading strategies very much, and some would rather remain neutral attitude on this strategy. Students can get main idea through they skim/scan the reading materials. The percentage is very high in these reading strategies. Illustration 4. 2. 2 Previewing [pic] The bar chart shows the percentage of the students who use previewing reading strategies in the classroom. The middle of blue and yellow bars means that the majority of people keep in neutral about these two questions, Section B question 3 and 4.It reflects that 9 students or 30% and 12 students or 40% not always use it in the classroom reading. Only 3 students or 10% strongly agree use previewing strategies during their reading. And 2 students or 6. 7% never use it. The data is average in this bar chart. TABLE 4. 2. 3 Predicting Item NT UNT ST UT AT (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) B5: I usually make 4 11 11 2 2 predictions as to what (13. 3%) (36. 7%) (36. 7%) (6. 7%) (6. 7%) will follow text. The table of 4. 2. is about students use predicting reading strategy in the classroom. Number of each option is average. Four students or 13. 3%, they never use it during the classroom reading. Most of students are thinking it is â€Å"usually not true of me† or â€Å"Somewhat true of me†, percentage of it reach 36. 7%. Contrast it the students who choose â€Å"Usually true of me† or â€Å"Always true of me† has 4 students only. They prefer use it during their reading. TABLE 4. 2. 4 Guessing from context Item NT UNT ST UT AT (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) B6: While I am reading,I reconsider and revise 5 8 9 5 3 my prior questions (16. 7%) (26. 7%) (30%) (16. 7%) (10%) about the text based on the text’s content. B7: While I am reading, I consider and revise my background 6 7 11 4 2 knowledge about the (20%) (23. 3%) (36. 7%) (13. 3%) (6. 7%) subject based on the text’s content. Question 6 and 7 are related with the fourth type of reading strategy: Guessing from context. The students are also keeping the neutral attitude about this strategy. For question 6, there are 13 students or 43. % they don’t like use it. It takes up most of time doing reading comprehension. Only have 8 students or 26. 7% they always use it in the classroom reading. However the question 7 has some related with question 6. Already almost half of student they choose â€Å"never or usually not true of me† this option. Another 11 students or 36. 7% choose â€Å"Somewhat true of me†. Last 6 students they like use it very much in the classroom reading. Item NT UNT ST UT AT (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) B8: While I am reading,I try to determine the 1 11 11 7 – meaning of unknown (3. 3%) (36. 7%) (36. 7%) (23. 3%) – words that seem critical to the meaning of the text. B9: As I am reading, I eva luate the text to determine whether it 3 8 12 6 1 contributes to my (10%) (26. 7%) (40%) (20%) (3. 3%) knowledge/ understanding of the subject. Two questions are also about â€Å"Guessing from text†. From the data analyses about this two questions, students who choose the same options with Question 6 and 7.There are 12 students or 40% who never use this strategy. 11 students sometimes use it, but there are only 7 students often use it. No one always use this strategy during their reading. Some data are the same with question 9. There are 11 students or 36. 7% who never use guessing from text strategy in the classroom. 40% students use it seldom. And only 7 students or 23. 3%, the number of students who choose this options is same with question 8. TABLE 4. 2. 5 Paraphrasing Item NT UNT ST UT AT (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) B10: I summarize/ araphrase the material that I am 3 8 7 3 9 reading in order to (10%) (26. 7%) (23. 3%) (10%) (30%) remember the text. B11: After I have read 2 8 13 4 3 a text, I review it. (6. 7%) (26. 7%) (43. 3%) (13. 3%) (10%) B12: After I have read 5 11 7 6 1 a text, I evaluate what (16. 7%) (36. 7%) (23. 3%) (20%) (3. 3%) I have read. B13: After I have a read 1 5 12 10 2 a text I summarise it. (3. 3%) (16. %) (40%) (33. 3%) (6. 7%) The last type of reading strategy is Paraphrasing. These four questions are related to the paraphrasing. From the data analyse we can see that most of the students are keep neutral about this strategy. They are neither use it often nor they always use it and still maintains their neutral options through their chosen. Item NT UNT ST UT AT (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) B14: I search out information relevant 1 10 5 10 4 to my reading goals. 3. 3%) (33. 3%) (16. 7%) (33. 3%) (13. 3%) B15: I evaluate whether what I am reading is 4 8 10 6 2 relevant to my reading (13. 3%) (26. 7%) (33. 3%) (20%) (6. 7%) goals. The last two questions also connected with paraphrasing. There is some different with last four questions. It is happ ened in the post-reading strategies. It is based on the reflection that readers give feedback after they did reading in the classroom 4. 2. 2 Set 2: Teacher’s questionnaire Set 2 consists of three sections.There is section A: Background information, Section B: The time arrangement about teaching reading and Section C: Teaching reading strategies in the classroom. TABLE 4. 4 Teacher’s background information 1. Gender |Gender |Male |Female | |Teachers |1 |5 | |Percentage |16. 7% |83. 3% | There are six teachers to participate in the research questions.Five are female or 83. 3% from the table analysis. Only one male participate in the research, percentage is 16. 7%. 2. Teaching Grade |Grade |1 |2 |3 | |Teachers |2 |2 |2 | |Percentage |33. 3% |33. 3% |33. 3% | All of the six teachers are teaching Grade 1, Grade 2 and Grade 3.Percentage is average 33. 3%, it shows researcher consider about the data analyze stability and choose the same teacher who teaching in the same grade . The data is easier to analyze and has pertinence for teaching purpose. 3. Education Qualification |Education Qualification |Bachelor degree |Master |Doctor | |Number |4 |2 |- | |Percentage |66. % |33. 3% |- | There are three levels for the education qualification, Bachelor degree, Master and Doctor. Four teachers or 66. 7% their education qualification is Bachelor degree. It is above 50% for the six participates. Another two teachers or 33. 3%, they are Master. There is no Doctor between the six participates 4. Teaching experience |Teaching Experience |2 |3 |5 8 | |(years) | | | | | |Number |2 |1 |2 |1 | |Percentage |33. 3% |16. 7% |33. 3% |16. 7% | Six teachers have different teaching experience. Two of them or 33. 3% they have two years teaching experiences. Same number of teachers who have five years teaching experiences, the percentage is also 33. %. Another two teachers who has three and eight years teaching experiences, the percentage is only 16. 7%. TABLE 4. 5 Time arrangem ent |Item |A |B |C |D | | |Rarely or never |A few times a |A few times a week|Every or almost | | | |month | |every class | |1.How often do you arrange |- |- |2 |4 | |to do the reading exercise? | | | | | |Percentage |- |- |33. 3% |66. 7% | |2. How often do you arrange |- |4 |2 |- | |to do the reading test? | | | | |Percentage |- |66. 7% |33. 3% |- | Two questions about how to arrangement time for teacher to teach reading in the classroom, Question 1 is about teacher who arrange time for reading exercise. From the table, there is no participate choose A and B options. Two teachers or 33. 3% who arrange time to do the reading exercise few times in a week.And four teachers or 66. 7% they do the reading exercise every or almost every class. Question 2 is about teachers who arrange time to do the reading text. The table shows the number and percentage for the six participates’ answer. No one choose option A. Four teacher or 66. 7% they test students only few times in a month, f requency is not so high. Only two teachers or 33. 3% they arrange a few times a week to test students. Maybe the two teachers who teach Grade 3, they usually give the test to students. 3. Reading quantity Item |A |B |C |D | | |0 |1-2 |3-4 |Above 5 | |3. How many articles do you give to your students |- |1 |3 |2 | |and finish it? | | | | | |Percentage |- |16. 7% |50% |33. % | Question 3 is about the reading quantity that teacher gives students and asks them to finish it. The table gives very clear about the answer. Each of participate give the article to their students and answer them to finish. Only one teacher or 16. 7% give one article to students. Another three teachers or 50% give three articles everyday and ask students to finish it. Last two teachers or 33. 3% give two articles to their students. Teacher averages gives the 3-4 articles to students and ask them to finish them. This question is quiet useful for teachers. 4. Reading materials Item |Number |Percentage | |4. What k inds of articles do you give to | | | |your students and finish it? | | | |A. Newspaper/ Journals |1 |16. 7% | |B. Magazines |- |- | |C.Literacy extracts |2 |33. 3% | |D. Academic text |3 |50% | |E. Interviews |- |- | |F. Speeches |- |- | Teachers like choose academic text for students and ask them to finish, there are three teachers or 50% choose it.Two teachers chose literacy extracts for students and give them in the classroom teaching. Only one teacher or 16. 7% choose newspaper or journals give them to students ask to finish it in the classroom. No one give the magazines, interviews and speeches article to students. 4. 6 Teaching reading strategies There are three reading stage: pre-reading, during reading and after reading, based on the reading stage, teacher teaching reading strategies into these three stages. Six participates answers the questions used their teaching experiences. TABLE 4. 6 Teaching reading strategiesItem UT UNT ST UU AU (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1. How much do you emphasize the following â€Å"pre-reading† Strategies in the classroom? a) Previewing – – 3 3 – – – (50%) (50%) b) Predicting – 3 3 – – – (50%) (50%) – – The data has some similarity in two reading strategies. About three teachers or 50% sometimes or usually use it in the classroom teaching.There are no teachers who never or almost or always use previewing strategy in the pre-reading stage. The same data in the second strategy is predicting. There is no teacher never or almost or usually or always use it in the pre-reading stage. Three teachers or 50% teachers who use it sometimes not, it is the same with teachers sometimes use predicting in the classroom exercise. Item UT UNT ST UU AU (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 2. How much do you emphasize the following â€Å"during reading†Strategies in the classroom? a) Skimming and Scanning – – – 1 5 – – – (16. 7%) ( 83. 3%) b) Guessing from context – 1 3 2 – – (16. 7%) (50%) (33. 3%) – 3. How much do you emphasize the following â€Å"after reading† Strategies in the classroom? (a) Paraphrasing 1 4 – 1 – (16. 7%) (66. 7%) – (16. 7%) – From the table researcher can get the data clearly.There are five teachers choose skimming and scanning reading strategy to teach in the classroom is very popular. There are already above 83. 3% percentage in this strategy. For the guessing from context the data is average. Three teachers or 50% are keeping neutral for this reading strategy. For the last reading stage-after reading, teacher use paraphrasing to teach students. There is only one teacher use it in the classroom. The rest of teachers they dislike using it in the classroom. For this strategy the data shows teacher are not attentions on the paraphrasing in the daily class.CHAPTER ? DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5. 1 Introduction This chapter aims to make a detailed summary of the findings during the questionnaire; then analyze the significant implications of the reading strategies in the middle school students and how to teach the reading strategies in the classroom; lastly put forward several recommendations for the further research. During this part is filled with researchers own perspectives in finding this topic, there will also be some suggestions and ideas summed up from researcher’s experiences can be implicated in the further research. . 2 Summary of findings The findings of the research paper in chapter four clearly indicate that the two sets of questionnaire were held successfully and meaningfully to the whole research paper procedure. The findings include two parts of the research. First part is about student’s reading strategies and through their reading process, which type is used more widely among students in the classroom. Second part is about teachers teaching reading strategies in the classroo m. According to the participants’ reply on the questionnaire, a summary can be shown below:From the questionnaire and data analyze, researcher choose the five reading strategies for the research. There are Previewing, Predicting, Skimming and Scanning, Guessing from context and Paraphrasing. These five reading strategies are used among No. 9 middle school students who participant the research questions. The table and bar chart shows the number and percentage that student used the frequency of each reading strategy. Researcher analyzes the data and gets the main five reading strategies for students used. For those students who use the five reading strategies, the number and percentage are not same.There are five levels; NT, UNT, ST, UT and AT. It stands for different students based on their reading habits or reading experiences to choose which level is more suitable for themselves. After analyze the data, researcher chooses one type of reading strategy is more common used in t he students. This strategy is skimming and scanning. 30 participates has above 60% of students who choose this strategy as their answer. In the findings TABLE 4. 2. 1 shows the number and percentage about this item. From data analyze researcher decided this reading strategy is communal used among the students who are study in No. middle school. Another research part is about teacher teaching reading strategies in the classroom. The questionnaire is related with the teacher arrange time and teaching reading strategies in the classroom. For the research’s question and data analyze, the six participates answer their question very carefully and the answers are truly. It can help researcher get better reflection and the accuracy of result. There are four questions about teachers’ classroom teaching. Consider the time arrangement and researcher pay attention on the teaching reading strategies. TABLE 4. is showing the five reading strategies that teacher used in the classroom , the data collection and analyzed researcher found that there is one strategy data is very high; already maximizing 83. 3% in the whole five reading strategies. The strategy is â€Å"skimming and scanning†, the number of teachers who used it to teaching is usually or always in the classroom. 5. 3 Discussion The questionnaire is divided into two sets. Set 1 is student’s questionnaire and Set 2 is teacher’s questionnaire. For the Set 1, there are 14 questions to answer for students’ part. TABLE 4. 2. 1-4. . 5 shows the five types of items and the data analyze that 30 responder . The data displays five different types of reading strategies which used by students, their learning ability and their background is different. So the data respond their real situation. The results is from the five table analyze, researcher research one of reading strategy is common used by students. It is skimming and scanning. The frequency is higher than another four reading stra tegies. Some students thinking this strategy is more useful in the classroom practice or even in the test or exam.It can improve reading speed and get related information about the article. Skimming and scanning strategy is a practical strategy in comparative other four reading strategy. The findings gathered from the questionnaires did not employ certain strategies effectively which would help them cope with the demands of their academic studies and which also give the answer to the second research question which is â€Å"What sort of cognitive reading strategies should be developed by the students in order to continue their academic studies successfully and to get out of a text they read? †The cognitive reading strategies are help students to improve their reading comprehension no matter in the usual exercises or in the examination. It is becomes useful reading strategies in the classroom. Set 2 is about teaching reading strategy in the classroom. Researcher gave the questi onnaire to the responder and got the answer from them. The responder has different teaching experiences and background. They also teach different grade, because objective disparity also affects the teaching strategy. Result for TABLE 4. 6 is about teaching reading strategies among six teachers in No. middle school. It reflected teacher emphasize on use skimming and scanning reading strategy in the classroom. They prefer like use this strategy teach their students in reading class. The plenty number of teacher thinking this strategy is useful during students reading the article. Because of this point researcher aimed at the different reading stage and give the different reading strategies they teach in the classroom. It can get more specific reading strategies for teachers’ teaching. They think it is a useful reading strategy during the students used.It can help students improve the reading speed and accuracy for the practice and test when students used. This strategy for teac her who choose as the first teaching reading strategy in the classroom, it is widely used in the No. 9 middle school. 5. 4 Implication of the study The study gives the students knowledge about the reading strategies used from No. 9 middle school students and which strategy is used among the students. For the teacher they are teaching reading strategies between different level students. It also provides the factors and reasons that contribute to the miscues.Furthermore, from the study, teachers will have a wider knowledge concerning the reading strategies that should be taken in order to help students to improve their reading speed and the accuracy of reading comprehension. 5. 5 Recommendation of the study A study was conducted tagged the types of reading strategies in the No. 9 middle school. This study was carried out in 2010 and researcher achieves the research objectives in the end. Several of data meticulously reviewed to elucidate the research topic. The following recommendatio ns were highlighted so as to enhance effective reading strategy for students and teachers in the No. middle school: 1. Use different types of reading strategies in the classroom among students learning. There are five reading strategies in the research. Only one strategy is very useful among the students used in the real situation. Further more students should apply the reading strategies for the different types of article, aimed at different types of articles use different reading strategies in the classroom learning and reading. 2. Different level students and different teaching objectives, teacher should expand reading materials for students and the amount of article in the classroom teaching.In the research process, participates’ data shows the number of reading materials is less than four passages. It means they should improve the quantity of article to students to do in the classroom. And also the types of reading materials are focus on only in Newspaper/ Journals, Lite racy extracts and Academic text. It is not enough for students to do. They should provide more kinds of reading materials for their students. It can enhance their reading comprehension in the classroom learning. 3. Both students and teachers are pay attention on the daily exercises in the classroom or out of classroom.Teachers give the articles to students after the class, ask them to practice and encourage students to do more reading exercises using reading strategies. Students should buy some related reading exercise for themselves to practice with the reading strategies. Master the reading strategies better. With these carefully implemented, researcher want to believe that they will apply these in the future learning and teaching. Help students improve their reading comprehension and increase the teaching experiences. 5. 6 Conclusion The review of reading strategies and what is the effective reading strategy among the students used in the classroom.However it is not without solut ion. Firstly, teachers should give more time on reading in the classroom. Help them to enhance their reading strategies. Secondly, students use reading strategies to do the different types of reading materials in the classroom. It can improve students reading ability during the class or in the test. Thirdly no matter teachers or students should give attention on effective reading strategy in the classroom. After these statements, researcher hopes it is become useful for teachers and students in the classroom teaching.

None Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

None - Case Study Example Races were fighting against one another, and African Americans seemed to be struggling for their rights everywhere they turned. It was a different time in America than today, and King’s speech reflected that. Similarly, Obama speech in Cairo was given with the same hopes and dreams that are still topical in our time. Even today, the world is divided by religious strife and tension. Obama’s hope when delivering this speech in Egypt was to express his sincere desire to eliminate this ugly period from the world’s history and to have all religions and people live in peace with one another. So, we have two speeches but one vision and dream. Three quotes that stand out in King’s speech begin with the statement â€Å"One hundred years later, the Negro still is not free†. This sets the tone for his remarks and gives the reason for the necessity of the speech. Furthermore, he mentions that â€Å"now is the time to make real the promises of democracy† (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr. – I Have A Dream†). He is imploring Americans to not sit idly by and wait for change to happen. He says, rightfully so, that it must happen now. So, finally, the quote that is most memorable to this student is â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: All men are created equal† (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr. – I Have A Dream†). This is a call to action and one that was heeded by millions across the country. Obama’s speech had a similar tone to King’s. He stated the problem directly with his quote, â€Å"We meet at a time of great tension between the United States and Muslims around the world† (â€Å"Remarks by the President on a New Beginning†). He was genuine in his desire to set the record straight and to work on ways that the two parts of the world could begin to live more peacefully together. Another significant quote in this speech is when Obama

Philosophy. Comapare Socrates and Thoreau's methods, beleifs. Show Essay

Philosophy. Comapare Socrates and Thoreau's methods, beleifs. Show where they are the same and where and why they differ - Essay Example Socrates was more specific about the commitments of a human towards the state (Socrates). He has argued that the state has the most importance than anything in the world. Socrates believed that the people should work for the government and their self interests are not much important when compared to the interests of the government or the state. Even the death was considered of least importance while fighting to protect the interest of the sates as per Socrates. On the other hand, Thoreau was not much adamant about the commitment of the people towards the government or the state (Richardson). He believed that the people have another life apart from the life for government. In his opinion, doing everything as the government directs may not be a wise act for the people. In his opinion, the governments are responsible for so many evil things in the society like slavery and wars and there is no point in sacrificing the life for the interests of the government. Thoreau believed that a person’s life has lot of dimensions and its commitment towards the state is only one among them. Socrates believed that the government is responsible for giving better living standards to the people whereas Thoreau believed that the government denying it. Both Socrates and Thoreau have some similarities also in their views. Both of them believed in morality. Thoreau said that people, if left to their own ends will act justly, and should be treated accordingly by the law (Richardson). Socrates also said the same thing that "no one wants to commit injustice" for its own sake, many people end up doing so anyway (Socrates). Socrates argued that the people have a moral responsibility to abide by the state laws in response to the protection provided to the people by the states. Socrates has given more importance to the consciousness of in individual while obeying the laws. He has pointed out that the people can avoid laws if they feel injustice in it. Thoreau also more or less

Varieties of languages and cross-cultural communication Essay

Varieties of languages and cross-cultural communication - Essay Example My spoken English differs from my written English, and they can acquire various forms. The register I use to speak in the classroom, during a presentation or with the teachers is not the same which I use to speak with my family and friends during a spontaneous conversation. Besides, my written English in a chat or informal e-mail has many oral characteristics (use of slang, contractions, colloquial words, repetitions), but my written formal English has the vocabulary that I usually do not speak, and I take care of the style and grammar. I live in a country with many immigrants, whose native language is not English. Many of them have learned English after they came, or in their countries of origin, where the taught language differs from the daily spoken language. When these people go to work or study, they can encounter cross-communication problems with native speakers. For example, when we engage in teamwork with foreign students, these problems often appear. Sometimes, due to the accents and pronunciation from their native languages, there could be problems of misunderstanding. When they write, they could use words that they find in their bilingual dictionaries, but these words have not the intended meaning in English, or they sound strange because they are not used in those contexts. Therefore, I try to speak louder and slower with foreign speakers, and I avoid slang and colloquial words they might not understand if they have not lived in the United States for a long time.

International Economic Growth (Economics) Essay

International Economic Growth (Economics) - Essay Example It has been destroyed about 30 % of basic industry equipment. After numerous bombing Nagasaki and Hiroshima has been almost purely ruinous. The capital of the country, Tokyo, has stayed in ruin. There has been demobilized about 9 million soldiers, moreover 1.5 million people has entered the country as refugees. The inflation has reached 5000 %. There has been overall shortage of goods and materials. There has been a great dearth. The value of the yen to the dollar has been constantly falling down that has evidenced that financial system of the state has been completely unsettled. Notwithstanding Japanese people has felt release with the end and war. The society has been full of optimistic expectations. Everybody has been equally poor, and everybody has had the same chances. They have started everything from the very beginning. The great role of Japan economics development has been played by Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). It seems like no other governmental regulation or organization had more economic impact than this ministry. "The particular speed, form, and consequences of Japanese economic growth are not intelligible without reference to the contributions of MITI" (Johnson, 1982). The main achievement of Japan government that time has been an efficient cooperation between the Japanese government and private industry. The other scholar, David R. Henderson, considers that "MITI plans for industry growth, and sometimes gets other agencies to use their powers to carry out the plans, the extent of MITI's control, and of government control generally, has been greatly exaggerated". It should be mentioned that in period 1955 -1973, Japan government has had six different National Economic Plans. But without exception actual growth rates have exceeded those required to fulfill the plan's targets. This is evidence that the plans themselves were not responsible. The course that has been chosen for the state's development to some extent may seem paradoxical: To cut the program of industry funding in order to take inflation under control; To eliminate the dependence of enterprises development on external source of financing; To state fixed value of yen to a dollar. These sanctions have created severe conditions for those industry branches, which have been subsidized with the help of foreign or governmental sources of financing. The position has been more aggravated in result of division of such big monopolistic incorporations like "Mitsui", "Mitsubishi", and "Sumitomo". The point is that in result of such division there have been broken numerous connections with providers of raw products. In this sphere they have has to start everything from the very beginning too. The program of development, which taken a lot of companies over a rough road, has followed the aim to stop the hasty growth of prices. The numerous companies' bankruptcy has been seen as less harmful for the economy as engrossing inflation. Reduce of market for the goods resulted decrease. But there has been any assurance that Japan economics would stand the test of conjuncture degradation. The market changes resulted by the war in Korea has saved a lot of Japan companies. The boom has lasted for a year, and then another decline has come. The question of vital importance has become a long-term economics development, and its

Responses on two posts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Responses on two posts - Essay Example The story of the Karen people is just an example of many ethnic groups being persecuted by their governments. The post makes one realize that military governments are tyrannical as it is clear that the Burmese military government contributed to the persecution of the Karen people. However, the situation would have been different for the Karen people, if Burma was controlled by a democracy that had full representation. Countries like the US and other Asian nations must step in to save the plight of the Karen people and stop the likely extinction of a whole ethnic group.1 2. The Art of Maneuver: Maneuver-Warfare Theory and Air Land Battle by Robert Leonhard is a book that explains how the Germans could have countered the new Soviet prowess in operational war. There was a part of the book that shows how the Soviets mimicked the German style of warfare, but the Soviet forces were more operationally focused than the Germans. 2The Soviet forces believe in following orders, hence giving no room for innovation on the battlefield. The book related the Soviet dominance of the German forces to the speed and population of the Soviet forces.

In the UK ethical businesses are not as successful as less ethical Essay

In the UK ethical businesses are not as successful as less ethical businesses - Essay Example Sex industry mints billions of pounds and far leads other industries with respect to making money. The sex industry is normally, a 57+ billion annual global business. This is because of the fact that the demand of porn has always been increasing. The fact that prostitution is illegal in many countries further opens more doors to profit from the sex industry. The business has to be done in a secretly, companies and people taking part in sex industry do not have to pay the fees required for getting themselves registered nor do their earnings get cut due to tax deduction. Everything takes place secretly and all possible means of losing out money that are witnessed in ethical businesses are absent in the case of such business (Carrigan & Attalla 2012). In order to operate a business decently in the UK, the employer has to give first preference to the local workers. However, local workers ask the employers a lot of money in salary. On the other hand, if the employers instead employ illegal migrants, it becomes an equally advantageous association between the employer and the employee. While the employer manages to hire the same or even better services that a local worker would have offered, the employee finds employment and a means of continued existence in the UK. Furthermore, the prosperity of business rises as the internal cost is reduced (Amnable 2003). Starbucks is one of the most well-liked and the most money-making chains in the UK. Branding the companies on 19 diverse classes, Ethical Consumer recognized Starbucks as the worst with respect to their stand on political activities as well as workers’ rights. Co-editor of the magazine, Dan Welch provided these reasons for this finding; â€Å"We’ve uncovered a record of unethical behaviour that runs completely counter to Starbucks image as an environmentally friendly, bohemian Seattle coffee shop†¦It covers everything from serving up genetically engineered growth hormone in

Negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia Essay

Negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia - Essay Example paranoid delusion and aggression were of increased intensity; when aripiprazole 15 mg was administered, Two weeks later the positive symptoms, paranoid delusion and aggression appeared. (Ponde MP, Novaes CM.. 2007) He complains of hearing voices talking to him and claims the television is sending special messages to him particularly, called delusions of reference. He also is so paranoid in the sense of having Somatic Delusions of false body illnesses beliefs the patient convinces himself of including cancer presence. Other cognitive symptoms where also present such as disorganized thoughts, difficulty in concentrating and in following instructions given in hand, difficulty in completing tasks and memory retaining problems. Another patient. 52 years old came with the following negative signs and symptoms of schizophrenia; apathy, lack of emotion, poor or nonexistent social functioning and depression. (Peralta V., Cuesta M. J., Martinez-Larrea A., and Serrano J. F. (2000) The patient apparently has disorganizational issues here is mostly speechless, and when asked a question replies in a short meaningless manner. This is called alogia or poverty of speech fluency, and he probably has psychomotor retardation. He also seems to stare blankly with incoherent body language or lack of it, in addition to attention impairment. (Potkin S. G., Alva G., Fleming K., Anand R., Keator D., Carreon D., Michael Doo, Yi Jin, Wu J. C., and Fallon J.H. 2002) He also has an affective flattening and diminished motivation representation; anhedonia and apathy, diminished motivation, moodiness with sudden switching from happiness to sadness and exacerbation of emotions in a strange manner. (Mary E. Kelley. Daniel P. van Kammen. and Daniel N. Allen. 1999) Peralta V., Cuesta M. J., Martinez-Larrea A., and Serrano J. F. (2000). Differentiating Primary from Secondary Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Study of

Human Resource Management Benefits' Choices Research Paper

Human Resource Management Benefits' Choices - Research Paper Example Failure to sincerely respond to these legally required benefits may result in an employer failing to retain the best of its employees thus losing the all important attract-and-retain game (Beam et al. P. 12). Employers must however be on the lookout for the extra cost impacts related to the provision of the above legally required benefits to employees. For increased discretionary benefits, employers must always be on the look out not to lose their best employees. It is thus imperative that the most desirable employees are identified and retained. To achieve success at retaining the best workers, employers have to look for the traits that make employees most desirable among their peers. The most desirable among today’s employees are those not quite like the others, have good sense of humor, and are more engaging and outgoing compared to others. In addition, the most desirable employees are not that concerned about protocols, thus ask their employers more direct questions, especially regarding the next step in task execution (MB Financial Bank, P. 7). The best employees are also self-starters, do not take time off for trivial reasons, and are rarely, if ever, late for work. Strangely, the best employees are not workaholics but only stay after if there is extra legitimate work to be done, never complaining in the process (MB F inancial Bank, P. 8). The best workers are also task oriented, use Job description only as guideline, and might require occasional restraint while at work. Finally, such employees do not expect praise but appreciate it. MB Financial Bank. Benefit Packages for Employee: Employee Legally Required Benefits, 2012. Banking Resource Center. Retrieved on May 29, 2012 from

Rhetoric and Copper Rivets Essay Example for Free

Rhetoric and Copper Rivets Essay Levi’s have been very popular for many years, and their target audiences are young people and blue-collar workers. In the ad image, it also shows clearly about how it is strong by emphasizing the copper rivets which is a part of important elements for Levi’s jeans for making it more tough and rugged. Therefore, the intended audiences will be blue-collar workers and people who like to have long lasting clothing. Question: What do you see as the writer’s purpose? To explain? Inform? Anger? Persuade? Amuse? Motivate? Sadden? Ridicule? Is there more than one purpose? Does the purpose shift at all throughout the text? Of course, the writer wants to sell Levi’s products to the readers by showing the advantages of Levi’s jeans such as emphasizing the copper rivets and having a good concept of design image which showing the copper material of the rivets and that person’s right hand surgical plate by using X-ray. Overall, the writer just keeps selling Levi’s products’ functions and usability. Question: Can you identify the rhetorical appeals as of this piece of writing (ethos, logos, pathos)? What would you add or omit to make the rhetorical appeals more effective? Ethos: Levi’s is a famous brand in the world because their products are tough, rugged and dependable since 1853, and they have kept designing different styles of jeans and clothes. Logos: The logo is recognizable by using red. The image shows the jean is using copper rivets which use same or similar material as the right hand’s surgical plate and make the pockets to be more rugged and dependable. Pathos: Levi’s has tried to keep making and improving different types and styles of their products which adopt different kinds and ages of people. Also, their tough, rugged and dependable products show the power, energy and comfort to people.

Office Automation Systems

Office Automation Systems Office automation systems are computer based information systems that collect, process, store and transmit electronic messages, documents and other forms of communications among individuals, work groups and organizations. Such systems can increase the productivity of managerial end users and other professional and staff personnel by significantly reducing the time and effort needed to produce, access and receive business communications. An overview of office automation systems are given below: Office publishing systems are word processing and desktop publishing systems. Image processing systems are image processing, optical scanning and storage, document management and interactive video systems. Electronic communication systems are electronic meeting, tele-conferencing and telecommunicating systems. Office support systems are electronic calendar, ticket file, notebook, directory system, work scheduling and task management systems. The above are described in brief: Office Publishing Systems Word processing It is the use of computer systems to automate the transformation of ideas into a readable form of communication. It involves manipulating text data to produce information products in the form of documents (letters, memos, forms and reports). Desktop publishing Organisations can use and develop publishing systems to produce their own printed materials. They can design and print their own newsletters, manuals, brochures and books with several types of styles and graphics and colours on each page. Voice store and forward systems It is also known as voice mail or structured verbal-response exchanges. It has the capability of storing verbal data and/or communicating it to another location. It is one of the latest systems and found useful to corporate houses and the society at large. Electronic Meeting systems If electronic meeting systems are used, people may not appreciate spending money on travel to attend meetings away from their normal work location. It involves the use of video and audio communications to allow conferences and meetings to be held with participants who may be scattered across a room, a building or a country. Teleconferencing Participants at remote sites key in their presentation and responses whenever convenient for their online terminals or workstations which are connected to a central conference computer. Since all participants dont have to do this at the same time, this form of EMS is called computers conferencing. Sessions are held in real time with major participants at remote site who take part with voice input of questions and responses. Telecommuting It is the use of telecommunications by workers to replace commuting enabling them to work from their homes. It is also used to describe the use of telecommunication to carry on work activities from temporary locations other than offices and homes. Some people consider telecommuting as the creation of virtual offices. Multimedia Another evolving set of technologies for systematically managing graphics, drawings and photographs in addition to text and data are multimedia datamanagement systems . Some of these are called hypermedia systems. Image Processing Systems Image processing systems, also known as electronic image management system, allow users to electronically capture, store, process and retrieve images of documents. Image databasemanagement systems are becoming more versatile. The LAN-based image processing systems are also being common, which include several servers each dedicated to a specific function. Document Management Systems These systems are sophisticated image processing systems. These often interface with other office systems such as word processing, desktop publishing, electronic mail, voice mail etc. These systems allow digitized ‘voice notes to be attached to specific document images and may have other special features as well as the ability to store multi-colour documents and colour photographs. The Automated Office Office automation is defined as a separate sub-system or included within information processing. It includes a wide range of support facilities for knowledge work and activities.

Psychedelic Rock And The Doors

Psychedelic Rock And The Doors Biography: Psychedelic rock is a very famous class of rock music which is influenced or inspired by psychedelic culture. To really understand this genre of music it is important to state exactly what was psychedelic rock. Why it becomes important to see where this form of music originated since the roots of the movement is what inspired the artists of this time period and is also the reason for its evolution. During the era of the flower-child, there was restlessness and strong undercurrents among the youth across North America and Europe, which was looking for freedom from existing societal expectations and norms of that time. This was to become the hippie culture that took the world by storm in the late 1950s and 60s. Among the many ways in which hippies were to make history, along with their commune living and fascination for eastern mysticism, religion and sexual liberation, was the music that characterized the decades of the flower child. (Chatterjee; Buzzle.com, 2010) During this time hallucinogenic drugs were just entering public consciousness, and LSD, mescaline and magic mushrooms, were commonly used and their effects compounded with the combination of alcohol and marijuana lead artists and musicians using these psychedelic drug cocktails to have out-of-body experiences, mind-altering state of awareness and a disconnect from reality, the music that they composed in the shadowy world of hallucinogenic drugs, came to be known as psychedelic music, or psychedelic rock, in homage to the psychedelic drugs that gave rise to the compositions. In the midst of such widespread domination, it was hardly likely that the arts were to be left behind, posters and album covers were just a few of the expressions of 1960s psychedelic art, characterized by their kaleidoscopic colors, diffraction patterns and entropic motifs (Chatterjee; Buzzle.com, 2010). Many rock and folk musicians began to include drug lyrics in their songs as they were using drugs. The Holy Modal Rounders was an American folk music duo from the Lower East Side of New York City which started in the early 1960s, consisting of Peter Stampfel and Steve Weber. Their unique blend of folk music revival and psychedelic rock gave them a cult-like following from the late 1960s into the 1970s. For a time, the band also featured prolific and famous playwright and actor, Sam Shepard. (Wikipedia.com, 2010) The group The 13th Floor Elevators was an American rock band from Austin, Texas in 1965 was the first group to declare themselves as a psychedelic rock band. The band included guitarist and vocalist Roky Erickson, electric jug player Tommy Hall, and guitarist Stacy Sutherland, which existed from 1965 to 1969. During their career, the band released four LPs and seven 45s for the International Artists record label. Subsequent to the group 13th Floor Elevators, The Beatles began experimenting with the LSD in 1965 and they introduced most of the major elements of psychedelic s ounds. They began to include drug references in their songs in 1965 and more explicitly in 1966 (Wikipedia.com, 2010). The band, The Byrds moved from pure folk rock to psychedelic rock. They made use of Indian ragas and free jazz and the lyrics that referred to drug use. In one of Britains bands, The Yard Birds moved to the psychedelic usage, adding influences to songs. In the United States, the music scene continued to develop and psychedelic rock began to impact on pop music. The Beach Boys had been experimenting with LSD from 1965 and psychedelic was a major part of the songs. The Haight District-Ashbury District in San Francisco was the center for psychedelic music because of the prominent use of LSD, but there were other cities in America contributed to the new genre but not as centered as Haight-Ashbury. Style Characteristics: Psychedelic rock music had its characteristics. The main elements include electric guitars and heavy drums. However, The Beatles put some Indian Raag in the music. The fusion done by The Beatles was further continued by Jim Morrison is some tracks. However, in general the instrumentals are lead base electric guitars and drums with occasional piano and sometimes sitar. The selection of the instruments was based on the levels and grades of performances. Sometimes leads with drums worked and at places we observe whole orchestras followed by leads, base guitars and pianos. It is right to say that heavy metal; Psychedelic rock has no particular domain of instruments. So like music in this time used different instruments and was not restricted to one particular one. My Own Personal Comments: The Doors were an American rock band that was started in 1965. This band produced a string of hits in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Britannica.com, 2010). This band was founded by singer and poet, Jim Morrison, who became one of rock musics greatest figures. The Doors original members included: Jim Morrison, vocals; Ray Manzarek, who played the keyboards, Robbie Krieger, who played on the lead guitar, and John Densmore, who played the drums. This band included a combination of backgrounds in blues and classical music with the improvisational daring of a rock band (Britannica.com, 2010). With Jim Morrison writing poetry which was called Beat poetry, Robbie Kreiger set these lyrics to music. Kreiger and Dunsmore both belonged to the Psychelic Rangers. (Charlton, p.152). Manzarek and Morrison were friends from the film school in the University of California at Los Angeles. They conceived the idea of forming the group after the singer recited a poem to the keyboardist. This was on a southern beach of California,. Morrison derived the bands name from Aldous Huxleys book titled The Doors of Perception, which also referred to a line in a poem. (Charlton, p.152) The Doors got a reputation for pushing the boundaries of rock composition, both lyrically and musically, in performances at Los Angeles Sunset Strip. (Britannica.com, 2010) The doors breakthrough hit, Light My Fire, became an anthem in 1967. It was songs such as The End, an eleven minute drama which had sexually explicit lyrics and a swirling, oscillation arrangement that gave the band reputation as one of rocks most controversial, potent, and theatrical acts. The group was indeed banned from the Whisky-A-Go-Go event in Los Angeles after an earlier performance of the song. (Britannica.com, 2010) Though the bands ambitious music involved everything from German cabaret to Chicago blues, their string of pop hits made them to be criticized by some people as a teenybopper act. (Britannica.com, 2010) This troubled Morrison deeply as he really wanted acceptance as a serious artist. By the time of the release of the bands third album in 1968, Morrison had created an ego for himself, the Lizard King. Morrisons poem The Celebration of the Lizard King was printed in the record jacket. (Chatterjee; Buzzle.com, 2010) Morrisons concert performances were marred by outrageous stunts, and in 1969 he was arrested for exposing himself on stage, in Miami. The charges were later dropped, but the incident served notice of Morrisons physical decline, in part because of his addiction to alcohol. Morrison took increasing concentrated in his poetry, some of which were published. The groups tours became less frequent. The band reestablished their artistic integrity with the blues steeped Morrison Hotel in 1970. After the groups sixth album, L.A. Woman in 1971 Morrison went to Paris, where he wanted to pursue a literary career. He died there of heart failure at the age of 27 in the year of 1971. (Britannica.com, 2010) The early death of Morrison only enhanced his status as the exemplary rock showman and troubled artist for successive generations. In absence of Morrison, the group produced two albums before breaking up but were reduced to just an instrumental trio.( Charlton, p.153) The remaining band members briefly reunited in 1978 to record An American Prayer, providing backing music for poetry that Jim Morrison had wrote and decided to record it after his death. Manzarek produced albums for the punk band X. In death, Morrison was lionized by fans for generations, both as an icon for youth and as an influence on singers such as, Echo and Iggy Pop Pearl Jams, Eddie Vedder and Bunnymens, Ian McCulloch. The bands releases have continued to sell in the millions, and The Doors, a 1991 movie, was a critical and popular success. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993. Jim Morrison was born in December 8 1963 and died on July 3, 1971. Ray Manzarek was born on February 12, 1935 in Chicago. Robby Krieger was born on Jan 8, 1946 in Los Angeles. John Densmore was born on December 1, 1945 in Los Angeles. They produced the following albums: The Doors in 1967, Strange Days in1967, Light My Fire in 1967, The Unknown Soldier in 1968, Hello, I Love You 1968, Riders On The Storm 1971 and LA Woman in 1971. To me, if you listen to The Doors album titled Waiting For The sun, you will come to love it. It is one album that you will recommend to your friends. One song that touched me most is Hello, I love you. It is a song that basically talks about love. The last verse was written by Jim Morrison three years prior to the album recordings, while he was observing an attractive African American girl at Venice Beach. The verse states: Sidewalk crouches at her feet; Like a dog that begs for something sweet; Do you hope to make her see you, fool; Do you hope to pluck this dusky jewel? (Wikipedia.com, 2010) The band continued to perform, with little success, and finally broke up in 1972. In 2002, Kreiger and Manzarek reunited to form The Doors of the 21st Century. Densmore, who says he wasnt invited to join the new group, went to court and eventually got a ruling preventing the group from using The Doors in its name. The group now performs as Riders On The Storm (White, 2010). In conclusion, Psychedelic Rock during its time revolutionized the whole culture. Not only in America or England, it influenced music from all over the world. It was the first time when the concept of Asian and Western music emerged and Sir John Lennon blended both music forms. Jim Morrison was no doubt the pioneer and is still worshiped by the admirers. The Doors worked as a role model for many new and up and coming bands and his music is present even in bands music and lyrics today. To me, it is so sad to lose brilliant artists, Jim Morrison, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Bon Scott and the list could go on and on and could state how each one of these young artists effected their time that they lived and how they affect the music now. We must all remember those who shaped music from its earliest beginnings. Work Cited Britannica.com (2010) Kot, Greg. The Doors. Retrieved on 27 Nov 2010 from http://www.britannica.com/psychedelic/bands/doors.html Charlton, K. Rock Music Styles A History 6th Edition, Pages 152-153, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 1998. Chatterjee, Tilottama . Psychedelic Rock. Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web. (2010) Buzzle.com, Web. 27 Nov 2010. Retrieved on 27 Nov 2010 from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/psychedelic-rock.html White, Dave. The Doors Biography Profile of The Doors. Classic Rock Bands Songs Artists CDs DVDs MP3s Lyrics and History of Classic Rock. About.com, a part of The New York Times Company., Web. 27 Nov 2010. http://classicrock.about.com/od/a1/ig/The-Doors/11-09_cl.htm Wikipedia.com (2010) The Doors Hello, I love you. Retrieved on 27 Nov 2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_I_Love_You Wikipedia.com (2010) Holy Modal Rounders. Retrieved on 27 Nov 2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Modal_Rounders Wikipedia.com (2010) The 13th Floor Elevators. Retrieved on 27 Nov 2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_13th_Floor_Elevators

Work Injured Employees Essay -- Injury Accidents Labor Papers

Work Injured Employees Accidents happen all the time and can happen to anyone. When an accident happens on the job, the employee has rights concerning his or her care. Employees also have responsibilities when injured. This paper discusses what is considered on-the-job injuries of employees., the rights of these injured Second employees and the supervisors who must investigate the accidents that occur to cause them. Third, the responsibilities of both the employee and the supervisor when an accident occurs. There will also be sections on types of injuries that occur, and how to prevent them from happening. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is discussed and the actions taken by the agency. Finally, there are sections on discrimination of injured employees, and how to manage light duty personnel. If an employee who has an accident while on the clock at work becomes injured, it is considered an on-the-job injury. This can happen when at the facility where the employee works, while driving for the job, or in some other aspect where the employee is working for their organization. This also includes working at other sights where that organization is engaged in a common enterprise as the employees organization. Examples of such workers include contractors, and truck drivers. Employees, and managers have responsibilities when an employee is injured while working. When an employee is injured it is up to that employee to report the incident to the manager that is on duty at the time of the injury. Each organization has different policies on the exact handling of their employees and it is the responsibility of the managers to know what to do when an injury occurs. Each state has a set of regulations that empl... ...epetitive Injury; Opposition by GOP, Business Cited." 06/13/1995. P. D01. Squires, S. "Study Traces More Deaths to Working Than Driving; Using Wider Criteria, Researchers Find Job-Related Mortality Rate Is 10 Times Official Figure." The Washington Post. 08/31/1990. P. A07. Suplee, C. "House to Consider ‘Ergo Rider’ Restraints on OSHA." The Washington Post 07/11/1996. P. A04. Swoboda, F. "Repetitive Motion Injury Cases Soar." The Washington Post. 12/22/1994. P. B10. Szekely, P. "OSHA Urges Safey Steps At Riskiest Workplaces." The Washington Post. 04/27/1999. P. A15. Thompson, L. "Job Dissatisfaction Increases Likelihood of Back Injury." The Washington Post. 03/05/1991. P. Z05. Washington Post, The. "Odd Jobs." 12/29/1991. P. H02. Yang, J. E. "Rider on Repetitive Stress Injuries Defeated." The Washington Post. 07/12/1996. P.A20. Work Injured Employees Essay -- Injury Accidents Labor Papers Work Injured Employees Accidents happen all the time and can happen to anyone. When an accident happens on the job, the employee has rights concerning his or her care. Employees also have responsibilities when injured. This paper discusses what is considered on-the-job injuries of employees., the rights of these injured Second employees and the supervisors who must investigate the accidents that occur to cause them. Third, the responsibilities of both the employee and the supervisor when an accident occurs. There will also be sections on types of injuries that occur, and how to prevent them from happening. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is discussed and the actions taken by the agency. Finally, there are sections on discrimination of injured employees, and how to manage light duty personnel. If an employee who has an accident while on the clock at work becomes injured, it is considered an on-the-job injury. This can happen when at the facility where the employee works, while driving for the job, or in some other aspect where the employee is working for their organization. This also includes working at other sights where that organization is engaged in a common enterprise as the employees organization. Examples of such workers include contractors, and truck drivers. Employees, and managers have responsibilities when an employee is injured while working. When an employee is injured it is up to that employee to report the incident to the manager that is on duty at the time of the injury. Each organization has different policies on the exact handling of their employees and it is the responsibility of the managers to know what to do when an injury occurs. Each state has a set of regulations that empl... ...epetitive Injury; Opposition by GOP, Business Cited." 06/13/1995. P. D01. Squires, S. "Study Traces More Deaths to Working Than Driving; Using Wider Criteria, Researchers Find Job-Related Mortality Rate Is 10 Times Official Figure." The Washington Post. 08/31/1990. P. A07. Suplee, C. "House to Consider ‘Ergo Rider’ Restraints on OSHA." The Washington Post 07/11/1996. P. A04. Swoboda, F. "Repetitive Motion Injury Cases Soar." The Washington Post. 12/22/1994. P. B10. Szekely, P. "OSHA Urges Safey Steps At Riskiest Workplaces." The Washington Post. 04/27/1999. P. A15. Thompson, L. "Job Dissatisfaction Increases Likelihood of Back Injury." The Washington Post. 03/05/1991. P. Z05. Washington Post, The. "Odd Jobs." 12/29/1991. P. H02. Yang, J. E. "Rider on Repetitive Stress Injuries Defeated." The Washington Post. 07/12/1996. P.A20.

Operatic Modernism Essay -- Opera Modernism Music Essays

Operatic Modernism The profound modernist ruptures of the 20th Century questioned, displaced, and reconfigured the way humanity regards itself. Within the fine arts, literature, architecture, and music, artistic revolutions occurred at an unprecedented rate and, within the rubric of modernism, deliberately broke with the bases of Western art, culture and society. While working within the operatic institution, Strauss' Salome, Weill's Die Dreigroschenoper, and Berg's Wozzeck profoundly challenge the generic conventions of the operatic tradition. Through their careful combination of innovation in music, text, structure, and staging, their questioning of traditional morality, and pointed social and historical commentaries, these three operas facilitate criticism of the traditional operatic institution as well as society; they are exemplary of the tensions--painfully evident within operatic modernism--between the will to modernity, innovation, and progress and the past. Opera falls, despite e fforts to the contrary, away from the tremendous potential of innovation and rupture back to its conservative tradition. As the classical tradition all too often relies on, glorifies, and mythologises its past, the failure of modernism in opera is a result of the distance--projected, assumed, and interpolated--between the often stagnant classical and operatic institutions and innovative and modernist contemporaries. Too reified to permit the flourishing of innovation, dissent, and/or rupture, the operatic institution is weighed down by its past (as well as its patrons), remaining steadfastly resistant to the revolutionary influences of modernism. While it is clear an essay on opera and modernism (or, indeed, a cou... .... "Modernism and Postmodernism." In A Glossary of Literary Terms. 7th edition. M.H. Abrams, Ed. New York: Harcourt, 1999. 167-168. Clements, Andrew. "Wozzeck." Volume IV. Stanley Sadie, Ed. London: MacMillan, 1992. 1176-80. Hinton, Stephen. "Die Dreigroschenoper." The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. Volume I. Stanley Sadie, Ed. London: MacMillan, 1992. 1243-46. Kennedy, Michael. "Opera." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. Third edition. Michael Kennedy, Ed. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1980. 463-64. Morris, Mark. "A Brief Introduction to the 20th Century History of Music in Austria." Pimlico Dictionary of Twentieth Century Composers. Pimlico, 1999. On-line. Available http://www.humanities.ualberta.ca/mmorris/402/Austria2.htm Murray, David. "Salome." The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. Volume IV. Stanley Sadie, Ed. London: MacMillan, 1992. 146-49.

The Final Game :: Personal Narrative Volleyball Essays

The Final Game It was November 1st and it was the day of my last volleyball game. I ran into my friend Eri and we started talking about the game later that day. It was against Tunkhannock. They were the best volleyball team from our area, and wouldn’t you know it on our senior night we had to play against them. Senior night was the one night where the seniors were recognized, whether they were good or not. The whole day the team was joking about how much we would lose by against our rival team. In a game to fifteen we thought we would end up owing them points. â€Å"Hey, Eri, are you excited about the game tonight?† I asked. â€Å"Well, I’m more sad than anything,† she replied. â€Å"I’m going to miss all of the freshman that we taught how to play.† â€Å"I know, but don’t you think that it’s going to be a funny game tonight?† â€Å"Oh yeah! We’re going to get killed,† she added. â€Å"Don’t you think it was wrong for them to schedule our senior night with that game?† â€Å"Yeah, I do think it was a little unfair,† I replied. â€Å"But at least we know we are going to get killed and don’t really have to worry about it.† Everyone knew that this game was going to be impossible to win, so we all sort of shrugged it off. The last practice before this game consisted of reminiscing more than drills. Even our coach knew we were going to get killed, but for some reason everyone had in the back of their minds ‘what if†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ â€Å"Don’t you think it would be funny if we actually did win this game?† I asked. â€Å"What? Are you nuts! They haven’t lost a game yet,† Jen replied. â€Å"No, seriously. Don’t you think that they are thinking the same thing we are?† I added. â€Å"That they could win, no problem. And maybe their coach will put in the not so good people for that reason? â€Å"Dana, they don’t have any ‘not so good’ people on their team,† Jen said while giggling. â€Å"I don’t know. I think that we could give them a run for their money.† â€Å"Finally it was seventh period and school was almost over. I could feel the butterflies growing in my stomach. It was 2:35, five more minutes to go and I was counting down until I could run to the gym to start practicing for the big game.

The Dc Motor Speed Control Methods Engineering Essay

AbstractionThis paper describes the Matlab and simulink converts into actuality of the DC motor velocity control methods, viz. field opposition, armature opposition control methods and armature electromotive force, and feedback control system for DC motor thrusts and this paper describes mathematical modeling, simulation of DC motor system utilizing computing machine simulations Matlab and simulink, by this system response to alter assorted parametric quantities like system stableness, perturbations, analysis and optimisation of theoretical account parametric quantities with regard to the quality of control. If simulation techniques are used for finding the control parameters a simulation theoretical account is necessary, which has to be constructed from the analytical theoretical account.IntroductionDC Motor is an electrical motor and it most normally used in an electrical device for easy to drive the instruments, steel turn overing Millss, electric Cranes, and robotic operators due to precise, broad, simple, and uninterrupted control features. To command the velocity of low power DC Motor rheostatic armature control method were used. The basic parts of the DC motor are- axle, rotor ( armature ) , stator, commutator, field magnet, and coppices. In the geometry of coppices, commutator contacts, and rotor twists are arranged in such a mode so that when power is applied so mutual oppositions of the energized twist and the stator magnets are misaligned and the rotor will get down to revolve until it is about aligned with the stator ‘s field magnets. When the rotor reaches to alignment, the coppices move to following commutator contacts, and stimulate the following twist. There are variable types of DC Motor available in market with the good and bad qualities. Bad quality means slowdown in efficiency. To retrieve or halt this sort efficiency job accountant is introduce in the system. Brushed DC motors are most widely used in applications and its ranging from plaything to push-button adjustable auto seats. Brushed DC ( BDC ) motors are cheap but easy to drive. Brushed DC motors are easy available in all size and form with the broad scope from large-scale industrial theoretical accounts to little motors for light applications ( such as 12 V DC motors ) ..BDC motors are most normally used in easy to drive, with variable velocity and high start-up torsion applications.AimThe Fig.1 shows the parallels electrical circuit.ModelingThe circuit which was given is drawn in the Matlab by utilizing simulink. In the circuit diagram the flow of currentBLOCK DIAGRAMFigure shows the block diagram of DC motorTRANSFER FUNCTIONK/ { ( Ls+R ) ( Js+f ) +K2 }i? ±1/s Vapp Fig 4.1. Transfer FunctionState SPACE MODELAs we know that, V- .†¦ . ( 1 ) †¦.. ( 2 ) Substituting equation ( 2 ) in ( 1 ) †¦ †¦ . ( 3 ) †¦ .†¦ ( 4 ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ( 5 ) Substituting ( 5 ) in ( 4 ) – †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 6 ) Differentiating ( 6 ) , we get †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( 7 ) Puting ( 3 ) in ( 7 ) , we get †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 8 ) Now †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 9 ) Substituting ( 9 ) in ( 8 ) , we get We know that x=Ax + Bu Y=Cx + Du X= The State Space Model represents by the additive equation and it is written as. x= Ax + Bu Y = Cx + Du Below figure shows the province infinite theoretical account ( Calculation is in appendix ) Figure 5.1 State Space ModelPHYSICAL SystemSee a DC Motor, in this electrical circuit of the armature and free organic structure diagram of rotor are shown in figure below. hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/cms/images/devzone/tut/mpm-2-motor1.gif Fixture: – DC Motor is a common actuator in control systems.Brushed DC Motor basicssA Brushed DC Motor consists of stationary fixed lasting magnets i.e. stator, a revolving electromagnetic i.e. rotor and flux, which is concentrated by metal. Rotor rotate by the attractive force of the opposite poles and repulsive force of the similar poles, it cause to bring forth torsion and torque Acts of the Apostless on rotor and so do it turn. As the rotor start to revolve or turn so fixed coppices make and interrupt the contact in such a manner that with the revolving sections ( commuting ) . The rotor spiral of the brushed motor energized and de-energized in such a manner so that the rotor start to bends. By reassigning the power to the motor, current generate in rotor spirals and therefore the North and south poles are reversed and because of the motor change the way. From the Strength of the magnetic field, velocity and torsion of the motor depend Figure ( 1 ) Brushed DC MotorPrinciple OPERATIONConstruction and operation of the Brushed DC Motor is shown below in figure ( 2 ) .for the building of the BDC motor ever the same constituents are required i.e. Stator, rotor, commutator and coppice. Figure ( 2 ) Simple two-pole brushed DC MotorStatorThe rotor surrounded by the stationary magnetic field which is generated by the stator and this filed is generated by the lasting magnet or electromagnetic twist. On the building of the stator, different types of BDC distinguish.RotorRotor is besides known as an armature and it is made up of one or more twists. Magnetic field is produce when they energized. When the opposite pole of the magnetic poles, pull to each other which is generated by the stator, and doing the rotor to turns. The opposite poles are ever pulling to each other. As the motor turns, the twists are being invariably energized. This divergence of the field in the rotor is called as an armature.Brushs and commutatorThere is no demand of accountant in BDC to exchange current in motor twist. The commuting twist of the BDC motor is done automatically. Reside on the axel of rotor there is a metameric Cu arms called commutator. Carbon brushes slides over the commutator co ming in a contact with the different sections of the commutator as the motor starts to turn. When the electromotive force is applied across the coppices of the motor so dynamic magnetic field is generated inside the motor. Brushes and commutator are the most of import parts of the BDC motor that are most prone to have on because they are the skiding portion to each other.Speed ControlThe Speed of a DC Motor is straight relative to the electromotive force. By utilizing the digital accountant electromotive force can be control and to bring forth the mean electromotive force pulse-width modulated ( PWM ) signal is used. In motor there is a motor weaving which acts as a low base on balls filter so PWM develop a suited current in the motor twist.AdvantageCheap in monetary value because low cost of building. Widen a life by replacing a coppice. Cheap motor and simple control. Speed/Torque is normal at high velocity. On fixed velocity no control is required, Controller is required merely at variable velocity in this status same accountant can be used.DisadvantageCare is required for brushed DC Motor because of coppice. If the coppice clash additions, cut down the utile torsion. Heat dissipation is hapless because of internal rotor building. Speed scope is limited because of the mechanical restriction on coppices. Life is besides shorter. Noise is generated due to brush. Application illustrations: traveling playthings, fans, pressmans, automatons, electric motorcycles, -doors, -windows, -sun roofs, -seats, sociables, nutrient processors, can openers, liquidizers, vacuity cleaners, toothbrushes, razors, java bombers, etc.Physical ParametersMoment of inactiveness of the motor ( J ) = 9.89 E-7 kilogram Nm s/rad Muffling ratio of the mechanical system ( B ) = 5.84E-7 Nm s/rad Electromotive force or motor changeless ( K=Ke=Kt ) = 0.008 Nm/-w Electric opposition ( R ) = 0.80 ohms Electric induction ( L ) = 0.00041H Friction coefficient, degree Fahrenheit Input ( V ) : Beginning Voltage Output ( theta ) : place of shaft the rotor and shaft are assumed to be stiffDecisionBrushed DC motors are really simple to utilize and easy to command, which makes them a short design-in point. PIC microcontrollers, particularly those with CCP or ECCP faculties are ideally suited for driving BDC motors.Refferencehypertext transfer protocol: //www.wiringdiagrams21.com/2009/09/26/circuit-diagram-for-dc-motor-control-by-a-collins hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nxp.com/documents/application_note/AN10513.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/AppNotes/00905a.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.orientalmotor.com/MotionControl101/AC-brushless-brushed-motors.html hypertext transfer protocol: //ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/AppNotes/00885a.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dynetic.com/brushless % 20vs % 20brushed.htm file: ///D: /matlab/index.php.htm